Easy Q&A Study Guide on Plant Classification

2. How different are animal cells from plant cells?

While plant cells are eukaryotic, autotrophic, photosynthetic and have chloroplasts and a cell wall, animal cells are eukaryotic, heterotrophic and do not have  chloroplasts nor a cell wall.

3. Do plants have tissue organization and specialized organs?

Plants have specialized organs (such as reproductive organs, roots, branches, leaves) and differentiated tissues (vascular tissue in tracheophytes, support tissue, parenchyma, etc.)

4. What are the subkingdoms into which the plant kingdom is divided?

The kingdom Plantae is divided into two large subkingdoms: bryophytes and tracheophytes (pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms). The criterion for the division is the presence or not of conducting (vascular) tissue.

• Plant Classification Review - Image Diversity: bryophytes pteridophytes gymnosperms angiosperms

5. What is the difference between bryophytes and tracheophytes?

Bryophytes are nonvascular plants (mosses, liverworts, hornworts), meaning that they do not have a conducting system for the transport of sugar, water and nutrients. Tracheophyte plants are vascular plants, meaning that they have conducting structures.

6. What are the four main groups into which the study of the plants is divided?

In botany, the plant kingdom is divided into bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.

7. What is the difference between cryptogamic and phanerogamic plants?

Cryptogamic (hidden sex organs) plants do not present flowers or seeds. They include the bryophytes and pteridophytes.

Phanerogamic plants have seeds. They include the gymnosperms and angiosperms.

• Plant Classification Review - Image Diversity: seeds

8. What are the two divisions of angiosperms?

Angiosperms are divided into monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous angiosperms. (These categories are explained later in the angiosperms section.)

• Plant Classification Review - Image Diversity: monocots dicots

9. What are the three basic sexual life cycles studied in biology? Which of them corresponds to metagenesis? Which of them is the human life cycle?

Sexual reproduction may take place through three different types of life cycles: the haplontic haplobiontic cycle (the organism is haploid, a single type of organism) ; the diplontic haplobiontic cycle (the organism is diploid , a single type of organism); and the diplobiontic cycle (two types of organisms, one haploid and the other diploid). The diplobiontic cycle is known as the alternation of generations, or metagenesis. In humans, the cycle is diplontic haplobiontic (a single diploid organism).

10. What are zygotic meiosis, gametic meiosis and sporic meiosis?

Zygotic meiosis occurs in the haplontic haplobiontic life cycle. Gametes from adult haploid individuals unite to form the diploid zygote. The zygote undergoes meiosis and generates four haploid cells that develop into adult individuals via mitosis. Therefore, in zygotic meiosis, the cell that undergoes meiosis is the zygote and the gametes are formed by mitosis.

Gametic meiosis is when meiosis produces gametes, or rather, haploid cells which can each unite with another gamete to form the zygote. It occurs in the diplontic haplobiontic life cycle (in humans, for example), in which the individual is diploid and meiosis forms gametes.

Sporic meiosis happens in metagenesis (the alternation of generations, or diplobiontic life cycle). In this life cycle, cells from the diploid individual (called a sporophyte) undergo meiosis, producing haploid spores that do not unite with others but instead develop by mitosis into haploid individuals (called gametophytes). In this life cycle, the gametes are produced via mitosis from cells of the gametophyte.

11. Are gametes always produced via meiosis?

In the plant life cycle (diplobiontic life cycle) and in the haplontic haplobiontic life cycle, gametes are made via mitosis and not via meiosis. Obviously, in some stage of these sexual life cycles, meiosis must occur.

12. Why is the plant life cycle known as the alternation of generations?

The plant life cycle is known as the alternation of generations because, in this cycle, there are two different forms of living organisms that alternate with each other, one of which is haploid and the other of which is diploid. The alternation of generations is also called the diplobiontic cycle or metagenesis, and it does not just occur in plants. Other living organisms, such as cnidarians, go through this cycle.

13. For each of the three types of life cycles, what is the respective ploidy of the individual that represents the adult or lasting form?

In the haplontic haplobiontic life cycle, the single and lasting form is haploid. In the diplontic haplobiontic life cycle, it is diploid. In the diplobiontic life cycle, the lasting individual, which alternates with the intermediate form, may be the haploid gametophyte (as in bryophytes) or the diploid sporophyte (as in pteridophytes).

• Plant Classification Review - Image Diversity: haplontic haplobiontic life cycle diplontic haplobiontic life cycle diplobiontic life cycle

14. Do plants only use sexual reproduction?

There are asexual forms of reproduction in plants. Naturally detached pieces of roots, limbs or leaves may develop into another adult specimen. The artificial asexual reproduction of plants can be carried out by means of grafting or cutting.